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1 Taylor, Frederick Winslow
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 20 March 1856 Germantown, Pennsylvania, USAd. 21 March 1915 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and pioneer of scientific management.[br]Frederick W.Taylor received his early education from his mother, followed by some years of schooling in France and Germany. Then in 1872 he entered Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, to prepare for Harvard Law School, as it was intended that he should follow his father's profession. However, in 1874 he had to abandon his studies because of poor eyesight, and he began an apprenticeship at a pump-manufacturing works in Philadelphia learning the trades of pattern-maker and machinist. On its completion in 1878 he joined the Midvale Steel Company, at first as a labourer but then as Shop Clerk and Foreman, finally becoming Chief Engineer in 1884. At the same time he was able to resume study in the evenings at the Stevens Institute of Technology, and in 1883 he obtained the degree of Mechanical Engineer (ME). He also found time to take part in amateur sport and in 1881 he won the tennis doubles championship of the United States.It was while with the Midvale Steel Company that Taylor began the systematic study of workshop management, and the application of his techniques produced significant increases in the company's output and productivity. In 1890 he became Manager of a company operating large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin, until 1893 when he set up on his own account as a consulting engineer specializing in management organization. In 1898 he was retained exclusively by the Bethlehem Steel Company, and there continued his work on the metal-cutting process that he had started at Midvale. In collaboration with J.Maunsel White (1856–1912) he developed high-speed tool steels and their heat treatment which increased cutting capacity by up to 300 per cent. He resigned from the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1901 and devoted the remainder of his life to expounding the principles of scientific management which became known as "Taylorism". The Society to Promote the Science of Management was established in 1911, renamed the Taylor Society after his death. He was an active member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was its President in 1906; his presidential address "On the Art of Cutting Metals" was reprinted in book form.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsParis Exposition Gold Medal 1900. Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Gold Medal 1900. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1906. Hon. ScD, University of Pennsylvania 1906. Hon. LLD, Hobart College 1912.BibliographyF.W.Taylor was the author of about 100 patents, several papers to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, On the Art of Cutting Metals (1907, New York) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911, New York) and, with S.E.Thompson, 1905 A Treatise on Concrete, New York, and Concrete Costs, 1912, New York.Further ReadingThe standard biography is Frank B.Copley, 1923, Frederick W.Taylor, Father of Scientific Management, New York (reprinted 1969, New York) and there have been numerous commentaries on his work: see, for example, Daniel Nelson, 1980, Frederick W.Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management, Madison, Wis.RTSBiographical history of technology > Taylor, Frederick Winslow
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2 Taylor, Frederick Winslow
(1856–1917) Gen MgtU.S. engineer. Acknowledged as the father of scientific management, which is sometimes referred to as “Taylorism.” Taylor’s methods, recorded in The Principles of Scientific Management (1911), have been criticized as too mechanistic, treating people like machines rather than human beings to be motivated. They were later counterbalanced by the human relations school of management.Taylor grew up in an affluent Philadelphia family. He worked as chief engineer at the Midvale Steel Company, and later became general manager of the Manufacturing Investment Company’s paper mills in Maine. In 1893 he moved to New York and began business as a consulting engineer.The ultimate business dictionary > Taylor, Frederick Winslow
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3 Taylor, Frederick Winslow
(1856-1915) Тейлор, Фредерик УинслоуИзобретатель, создатель системы рациональной организации труда и управления производством [ Taylor system], известен как "отец научных методов управления" ["Father of Scientific Management"]. Работая на сталелитейном заводе в Пенсильвании, в течение 12 лет вел исследования зависимости выполнения норм от рациональности движений рабочих и организации труда в целом. В эти же годы, занимаясь по вечерам, окончил технологический институт и прошел путь до главного инженера. В 1911 опубликовал свой главный труд "Принципы научного управления" ["The Principles of Scientific Management"]. Сконструировал самый мощный для своего времени кузнечный молот и усовершенствовал методы закалки резцов для металлорежущих станковEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Taylor, Frederick Winslow
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4 Taylor, Frederick Winslow
перс.упр. Тейлор, Фредерик Уинслоу (1856-1915; американский инженер и известный теоретик менеджмента; основатель научной школы менеджмента)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Taylor, Frederick Winslow
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5 scientific school of management
упр. научная школа менеджмента ( наибольшее распространение получила в конце 19 — начале 20 века; основана на положении о том, что ручной труд может быть изменен, перепрофилирован посредством наблюдений, замеров, логики и анализа так, чтобы он стал более эффективным)Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > scientific school of management
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6 time study
упр. анализ временных затрат, хронометрирование (определение нормального времени, необходимого для выполнения какой-л. операции; основоположником хронометрирования считается Ф. Тайлор)time study engineer [man\] — инженер-нормировщик, хронометражист
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7 mental revolution
упр. революция в умах (одно из ключевых понятий научного подхода Ф. Тейлора, суть которого в понимании менеджерами необходимости облегчать труд и улучшать материальное благополучие работников)See: -
8 Taylorism
сущ.эк. тр. тейлоризм (система организации труда, основанная на глубокой специализации и рационализации трудовых операций и направленная на интенсификацию труда; предложена американским инженером Ф. У. Тейлором)See: -
9 Taylorization
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10 Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Clement, JosephDu ShiDu YuGongshu PanLi BingMa JunMurdock, WilliamSomerset, EdwardBiographical history of technology > Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering
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11 Taylorism
Система организации труда и управления производством, обеспечивающая интенсификацию труда и рост его производительности. Разработана американским инженером, основоположником системы управления производства [scientific management] Ф. Тейлором [ Taylor, Frederick Winslow]. Широко внедрялась в промышленности США в начале XX в.тж Taylor system -
12 Ford, Henry
(1863-1947) Форд, ГенриОснователь компании "Форд мотор" [ Ford Motor Company], один из крупнейших промышленников в истории США. На его заводах была применена "система научной организации производства", разработанная инженером Ф. Тейлором [ Taylor, Frederick Winslow]. В 1903 ввел конвейер, в 1913-27 первым в мире начал выпуск массового дешевого автомобиля [ Ford Model T], в 1932 - V-образного восьмицилиндрового двигателя [ V-8]. Был президентом фирмы в 1903-19 и в 1943-45. Осуществлял жесткий контроль над своей "империей", для чего создал полный цикл производства: от добычи руды и выплавки металла до выпуска готового автомобиля. Стремился всеми средствами удерживать контроль над рабочими своих заводов: в 1914 ввел самую высокую в США минимальную заработную плату - 5 долларов в день, допустил рабочих к участию в прибылях компании [profit-sharing plan], построил образцовый рабочий поселок, но вплоть до 1941 не разрешал создавать профсоюзы на своих заводах. Перед началом второй мировой войны стал поклонником Гитлера, выпускал газету, в которой печатались антисемитские статьи, в 1938 принял от фюрера награду. В 1936 совместно с сыном Эдселом [ Ford, Edsel Bryant] создал Фонд Форда [ Ford Foundation]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Ford, Henry
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13 motivation
Gen Mgt1. the creation of stimuli, incentives, and working environments which enable people to perform to the best of their ability in pursuit of organizational success. Motivation is commonly viewed as the magic driver that enables managers to get others to achieve their targets. In the 20th century, there was a shift, at least in theory, away from motivation by dictation and discipline, exemplified by Frederick Winslow Taylor’s scientific management, toward motivation by creating an appropriate corporate climate and addressing the needs of individual employees. Although it is widely agreed to be one of the key management tasks, it has frequently been argued that one person cannot motivate others but can only create conditions for others to self-motivate. Many management theorists have provided insights into motivation. Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne experiments identify some root causes of selfmotivation, and Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provides insight into personal behavior patterns. Other influential research has been conducted by Frederick Herzberg, who looked at job satisfaction, and Douglas McGregor whose Theory X and Theory Y suggest management styles that motivate and demotivate employees.2. (S. Africa)a formal written proposal -
14 scientific management
Gen Mgt, HRan analytical approach to managing activities by optimizing efficiency and productivity through measurement and control. Scientific management theories, attributed to Frederick Winslow Taylor, dominated the 20th century, and many management techniques such as benchmarking, total quality management, and business process reengineering result from a scientific management approach. Other figures such as Henry Gantt and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were firmly in the scientific school and furthered its influence, particularly through the time and motion study. Such was the dominance of Taylor’s influence that scientific management is also known as Taylorism. The main criticism of Taylorism is that it degenerated into an inhumane and mechanistic approach to working, treating people like machines. -
15 Brech, Edward Francis Leopold
(b. 1909) Gen MgtBritish manager, writer, and historian. A publicizer and developer of the theories of Henri Fayol and Frederick Winslow Taylor, in common with Lyndall Urwick. Brech’s Principles and Practice of Management (1953), sets down a structural and functional approach to management. In the 1990s, Brech completed a history of British management.The ultimate business dictionary > Brech, Edward Francis Leopold
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16 command and control approach
Gen Mgta style of leadership that uses standards, procedures, and output statistics to regulate the organization. A command and control approach to leadership is authoritative in nature and uses a top-down approach, which fits well in bureaucratic organizations in which privilege and power are vested in senior management. It is founded on, and emphasizes a distinction between, executives on the one hand and workers on the other. It stems from the principles of Frederick Winslow Taylor, and the applications of Henry Ford and Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. As more empowered, flat organizations have come to the fore, command and control leaders have been increasingly criticized for stifling creativity and limiting flexibility.The ultimate business dictionary > command and control approach
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17 Ford, Henry
(1863–1947) Gen MgtU.S. industrialist. Founder of the Ford Motor Company, who organized the assembly line along the scientific management principles of Frederick Winslow Taylor and recorded his philosophy in My Life and Work (1922)After spending time as a machinist’s apprentice, a watch repairer, and a mechanic, Ford built his first car in 1896. He quickly became convinced of the vehicle’s commercial potential and started his own company in 1903. His first car was the Model A. After a year in business he was selling 600 a month.In 1907 Ford professed that his aim was to build a motor car for the masses. In 1908 his Model T was born. Through innovative use of new mass-production techniques, 15 million Model Ts were produced between 1908 and 1927.At that time, Ford’s factory at Highland Park, Michigan, was the biggest in the world. Over 14,000 people worked on the 57-acre site. He was quick to establish international operations as well. Ford’s first overseas sales branch was opened in France in 1908 and, in 1911, Ford began making cars in the United Kingdom.In 1919 Henry Ford resigned as the company’s president, letting his son, Edsel, take over. By then the Ford company was making a car a minute and Ford’s market share was in excess of 57%. -
18 job design
HRthe process of putting together various elements to form a job, bearing in mind organizational and individual worker requirements, as well as considerations of health, safety, and ergonomics. The scientific management approach of Frederick Winslow Taylor viewed job design as purely mechanistic, but the later human relations movement rediscovered the importance of workers’ relationship to their work and stressed the importance of job satisfaction. -
19 management science
Gen Mgtthe application of scientific methods and principles to management decision making and problem solving. Management science encompasses the use of quantitative, mathematical, and statistical techniques. The term can be used to denote scientific management, which has origins in the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Management science lies at the opposite end of the spectrum to the human relations school. -
20 Parker Follett, Mary
(1868–1933) Gen MgtU.S. academic. Applied psychological and social science insights to the study of industrial organization at a time when the scientific management methods of Frederick Winslow Taylor were predominant. Recent interest in her work owes much to Pauline Graham’s writings, including Mary Parker Follett: Prophet of Management (1995). Follett’s career was largely spent in social work, though her books appeared regularly— The New State (1918) was an influential description of her own brand of dynamic democracy, and Creative Experience (1924) was her first business-oriented book. In her later years she was in great demand as a lecturer.
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TAYLOR (F. W.) — TAYLOR FREDERICK WINSLOW (1856 1915) Ingénieur de formation, mais ayant successivement occupé tous les postes de la hiérarchie d’une usine, Taylor a d’abord été employé par la Bethlehem Steelwork avant de consacrer sa vie, en tant que consultant … Encyclopédie Universelle
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